Includes bibliographical annexure.

ontents
Preface ......................................................................................................................... 1
Foreword ...................................................................................................................... 2
Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 3
1. Background to the National Environment report ................................................... 6
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 6
1.2 State of the Environment reporting .......................................................................... 6
1.3 Process .................................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Methodology ........................................................................................................... 7
2. Physical features ................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Geography ............................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Climate .................................................................................................................... 8
3. Demography and socio-economic development ..................................................... 8
3.1 Demography ............................................................................................................ 8
3.2 Poverty .................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 Socioe-conomic development ....................................................................................9
3.4 Industries ................................................................................................................. 9
3.5 Energy ................................................................................................................... 10
3.6 Urbanization .......................................................................................................... 10
3.7 Migration ............................................................................................................... 11
3.8 Tourism ................................................................................................................. 12
3.9 Transport ............................................................................................................... 12
3.10 Health services and infrastructure .......................................................................... 12
4. Land .................................................................................................................... 13
4.1 Pressure ................................................................................................................. 13
4.2 State ...................................................................................................................... 22
4.3 Impact ................................................................................................................... 28
4.4 Response ............................................................................................................... 30
4.5 Recommendations .................................................................................................. 30
5. Water .................................................................................................................. 32
5.1 Pressure ................................................................................................................. 32
5.2 State ...................................................................................................................... 33
5.3 Impact ................................................................................................................... 36
5.4 Response ............................................................................................................... 37
5.5 Recommendations ................................................................................................. 38
6. Air ....................................................................................................................... 39
6.1 Pressure ................................................................................................................. 39
6.2 State ...................................................................................................................... 43
6.3 Impact ................................................................................................................... 46
6.4 Response ............................................................................................................... 46
6.5 Recommendations ................................................................................................. 47
7. Biodiversity... ...................................................................................................... 49
7.1 Pressure ................................................................................................................. 49
7.2 State ...................................................................................................................... 50
7.3 Impact ................................................................................................................... 53
7.4 Response ............................................................................................................... 55
7.5 Recommendations ................................................................................................. 57
8. Cross-cutting issues: Waste Management .................................................. .........58
8.1 Pressure ................................................................................................................. 58
8.2 State ...................................................................................................................... 58
8.3 Impact ................................................................................................................... 60
8.4 Response ............................................................................................................... 61
8.5 Recommendations ................................................................................................. 61
9. Cross-cutting issues: Climate Change.......... .......................................................... 63
9.1 Pressure ................................................................................................................. 63
9.2 State ...................................................................................................................... 63
9.3 Impact ................................................................................................................... 63
9.4 Response ............................................................................................................... 65
9.5 Recommendations ................................................................................................. 67
10. Implementation of Recommendations in Bhutan Environment Outlook 2008 ..... I
10.1 Land .......................................................................................................................... I
10.2 Water ..................................................................................................................... VI
10.3 Air .......................................................................................................................... IX
10.4 Biodiversity ........................................................................................................... XIII
10.5 General Recommendations .................................................................................... XV
Annexure I: DPSIR Framework ...................................................................................... I
Annexure II: Policy Responses ..................................................................................... IV
Annexure III: Recommendation of Waste Management Conference ........................... VII
Annexure IV: Waste Management in Thimphu City ................................................... VIII
Annexure V: Ecological footprint of Bhutan Report 2014 ............................................. IX
References.................................................................................................................... 1
Acronyms and Glossary of Bhutanese Terms .................................................................